Madoff LLC Fraud Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Madoff LLC Fraud - Research Paper Example The author and the leader of the organization was Mr. Bernard Madoff who used to put away the cash for the mutual funds, establishments and affluent individuals. It has additionally been discovered that the organization that had been situated in New York was the 23rd greatest market creator in the long stretch of October, 2008 on NASDAQ. It was clear that the organization took care of around 50 million offers for every day. The principle movement of the organization has been to deal with the requests that the online agents having a place with a couple of the greatest US organizations used to make, for example, the Citigroup Inc. what's more, General Electric. It is obvious that the organization has been the premier to motorize advertise making. In this sort of managing, the vendor will in general ceaselessly purchase the stocks and sell them too. Madoff’s firm has additionally been the greatest to offer â€Å"payment for request flow† (Glovin and Scheer, 2011). Bernard Madoff never uncovered his fiscal summaries and held back them under his protected authority. Further, it has been noticed that Madoff has additionally been one of the dynamic individuals from the NASDAQ Stock Market related leading body of governors just as the individual from NASDAQ’s official advisory group and furthermore had been the Chairman of exchanging board of trustees. It has been obvious that more prominent than 75% of the firm that has been claimed by Bernard Madoff, alongside Peter Madoff who is his sibling; were the main two people who were perceived on the administrative records, being the immediate proprietors and the official officials. The other relatives working for Madoff has been Peter Madoff’s little girl named Shana filling in as consistence lawyer. Children of Bernard Madoff to be specific Mark and Andrew, and Charles Weiner were in the exchanging area. Andrew put his assets in the organization, anyway he was halted from doing as such by Mark i n the year 2001 (Glovin and Scheer, 2011). The organization utilized the various advertising strategies to draw the clients and therefore animating another period where electronic exchanging was of need. The organization has been an exceptionally gainful security firm tapping tremendous volume of the stock exchanges from the Big Boards. The organization during its underlying days used to manage the Over-The-Counter alongside Pure-Brokerage-Pink Sheets exchanges. It was a direct result of the Rule 390, the organization had the option to exchange NYSE stocks. To change the execution rehearses, the organization needed to use the Cincinnati Stock Exchange. It has been obvious that among the five agents, Madoff has been one of them who had been associated with the production of the NASDAQ. It was noticed that the company’s spread was very radiant. It began as a venture warning firm. It has been noticed that the organization had not been recorded in the stock trades till 2006. It t ends to be expressed that as far as the US Securities constantly 2000, Madoff Securities had been fruitful at turning into the top brokers and had in guess $300 million of advantages (De La Merced, 2008). Three stories were involved by the matter of Lipstick Building. The seventeenth floor having a place with Lipstick Building was office of Bernard Madoff that had in guess of under 24 of the staffs. It has been discovered that lone a couple of the representatives were permitted to go into that building. The floor was named as the fence stock investments floor (Henriques and Berenson, 2008).â

Discussion Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Conversation Topic - Essay Example Her thought was to create a wipe pad used to clean the kids. The likelihood that the items will have levels of popularity isn't sure and in this manner money related ramifications are put in question. The cash that will be engaged with worldwide business may likewise draw in money related dangers in the organization. (Blackman, 2014) The organization ought to have a hazard maintenance protection programe.This is on the grounds that the organization will manage items that bursts into flames without any problem. The global business is additionally loaded with dangers and thusly the association ought to consistently hold a save reserve to balance some budgetary cases that may emerge. This self protection is significant for the business development. (Paul, 2012) Pansy Ellen items Inc ought to have different sorts of protection inclusion since it is associated with an unsafe business. It ought to have a general risk protection to give a spread to the harms, representatives and the items. This is significant in light of the fact that this are helpless to the dangers. The organization ought to likewise have property protection to cover for the bulding, office hardware and stock against fire vandalism, fire and robbery. (Imprint, 2013) Imprint. (2013). 13 Types of Insurance a Small Business Owner Should Have - Forbes. Recovered 2015, from

12 Fun (Not Cheesy) Ice Breaker Games Your Employees Will Enjoy

12 Fun (Not Cheesy) Ice Breaker Games Your Employees Will Enjoy An icebreaker is an activity that you can use for employees when you want to have the conversation at the job interview, team building or business meeting.It is good to use the icebreaker game whenever the situation permits it, as it is the way for the employees to feel comfortable and to interact.It is very effective, it will warm up the conversation between two persons at some meeting, it will make the topic for discussion stronger and it will force the employees to discuss and interact.The icebreaker, as its name is saying, breaks the proverbial ice in the conversation.THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF ICEBREAKERS:Icebreakers when employees are getting to know each otherIf a company has many employees, it is likely that most of them wont know each other, at least not in person.In this case, the icebreaker can help them introduce themselves to others.The icebreaker is a very good way to start the conversation and to catch the attention of participants so that they can interact with others and feel comfortable to express their opinion.Icebreakers when employees know their colleaguesWhen employees that are part of the conversation know their colleagues, the icebreaker is still a way to loosen up the discussion if needed.These kinds of icebreakers encourage conversation and help develop interaction between employees.INTERESTING GAMES TO FOMENT THE TEAM SPIRITYou spend a lot of time in front of a computer or some kind of screen. Nevertheless, you shouldnt forget how important is to interact with an individual or a group, to socialize or enjoy nature.These games and activities are not only educative, but they are also funny.They help a team understand what an icebreaker is, how to think, how to work, deal with the problem and have fun. To motivate your team and make them understand icebreakers, you can find 12 games for encouraging people to start talking:1. The Game of ChancesDuration: 5-6 minutesNumber of participants: one group or a few small groupsMaterial needed: ra ndom objectsRules: perfect team game that lasts 5 minutes. Give an item to a person of each team. They will have to get up one by one and demonstrate how the object in question is used.The rest of the people in the team have to guess what the player who got up is doing. This player has to be mute and the demonstration must be of original and perhaps a bit absurd.Goal: This team icebreaker inspires creativity and personal innovation2. Winner/LoserDuration: 5-6 minutesNumber of participants: 2 people or moreMaterial needed: noneRules: Player A tells a negative fact about his life to Player B. It may be a memory of sorts, but it has to be true.Player A will have to talk about the same experience, but with a focus on the positive aspects. Then, player B will help him explore the positive side of the negative experience. Then the roles are changed.Target: The participants learn to express their feelings in a different way3. Mix of GoalsDuration: 1-2 minutes.Number of participants: as man y as you canMaterial needed: noneRules: This is a game that does not last long, ideal for those looking for an extraordinary way to promote team spirit without going outside.Have as many participants as you can and tell what you expect and how can they help during the meeting.If you wish, offer a prize to the person who speaks with more people and another to the person who contributed to what he told.Goal: This way, the productivity of the meeting is much better and makes the employees think about how they will contribute, instead of just thinking about what they are going to get out of the meeting. 4. Blind DrawingDuration: 10-15 minutesNumber of participants: 2 people or moreMaterial needed: photos, pencils, and paperRules: Divide the participants into pairs. Give to one member of the couple pen and paper, and to the other, the photo.The person with the photo will have to describe it to their partner without saying what it is. For example, if the image is a happy dog, you cannot s ay: Draw a happy dog.The person who has a pencil and paper will draw what he or she thinks the image represents according to the verbal description. You can set a time limit of about 10 or 15 minutesGoal: It is an activity focused on interpretation and communication. At the end of the drawing, it is interesting to see how the artist interprets the description of the partner5. The Treasure HuntDuration: 1 hourThe number of participants: 2 small teams or moreMaterial needed: pen and paperRules: divide the group into teams. Make a list of ridiculous tasks for each team to do in a group. Tasks may include taking a selfie with a stranger, taking a picture of a cow outside the office, etc.Deliver the list to each team, along with a maximum deadline in which they must complete all tasks. Whoever completes most tasks in the shortest time, winsGoal: This is an excellent exercise to foment team spirit that helps break the offices groups by encouraging work among people from other teams, depar tments or social circles.6. Human KnotDuration: 15-30 minutesThe number of participants: 8-20 peopleMaterial needed: noneRules: ask everyone to get up and form a circle facing the center. Ask them to stretch their right arm and take someones hand in front of them.Next, tell them to take out the left arm and grab another hand from another person in front. Within a certain period, the group will have to untangle their arms without releasing their hands.If the group is too large, make several small circles for the groups to compete with each otherGoal: This game is based largely on good communication and teamwork. Besides, it leads to a lot of fun conversations for free time in the workplace.7. The MinefieldDuration: 15-30 minutesThe number of participants: 4-10 peopleMaterial needed: several objects that can be carried in the hand and several blindfoldsRules: Look for an open space, for example, park or some parking lot.Place the objects randomly. Ask them to form pairs and designate one person from each couple to put the blindfold on their eyes.The other person should guide their partner to cross the space from one side to the other without stepping on the objects, using only verbal indications.The person who has put on the blindfold cannot speak. To make it more difficult, create specific routes that people with the band have to go throughGoal: This game focuses on trust, communication and effective listening. This activity can be an excellent game to perform on the beach.8. The Fall of the EggDuration: 1-2 hoursThe number of participants: 2 small groups or moreMaterial needed: various office suppliesRules: create groups of 3 to 5 people each and deliver a fresh egg to every group. Place all the office items stacked.Participants will have between 15 and 30 minutes to create a gadget that will protect the egg from falling.Office supplies can include masking tape, pens, markers, packaging material, and newspaper.When time runs out, throw away the protected eggs from the second or third floor of the building and check which eggs survive the fallGoal: This classic game is excellent to encourage everyone to participate. Teamwork and problem-solving skills are used to bring group members together.The more people are in the game, the better. You will have an egg fun encouraging team spirit. Make sure you have egg supplies in case someone breaks it during the construction process.9. This is Better Than ThatDuration: 15-20 minutesThe number of participants: not limitedMaterial needed: 4 objects or moreRules: Choose 4 or more different objects. Divide the employees into teams with the same number of members.Describe a scene where every team has to solve a problem using only those objects. It can be something like you are lost in a wood or you have to save King Kong. Ask each team to argue it.Goal: This exercise inspires the creativity of the team in solving problems. The idea is not to put very simple situations so that it is not obvious which the most useful objects are.10. The Interview  Duration: depends on the group you are interviewingThe number of participants: interview-group or individualMaterial needed: Paper or cardboard so they can write the answers, marker, and a clock to control the activity.Rules: Divide the group into pairs. To make the pairs you can help with numbers, colored ribbons, papers with their names.In each couple, one will act as an interviewer and another as an interviewee (and vice versa).Give the group about 2 or 3 minutes so that each one thinks between 5-6 questions that will be meaningful to make the partner known to the rest of the group.Depending on the context, the type of question can be directed a little or where we want to focus it. Its about adapting them to the needs of the group and what we want to achieve with the icebreaker.And make them understand that they have the opportunity to make their partner known.After the time to generate the questions, they can start the interview with e ach other and vice versa. This process should not last more than 5 minutes maximum per interview (total 10 minutes).It is good to indicate so that time does not go away and someone is left without interviewing.Finally, each interviewer will introduce the partner to the rest of the group.As a facilitator we must be attentive to the questions asked and if they are interesting or ingenious enough and can be of value to the group. They can be launched in full for the group to answer.Goal: This classic activity consists in generating a series of questions to interview a classmate. Questions that they consider appropriate and that make the rest of the group know more about him or about a specific topic that will be worked on.Let the participants produce their questions based on what they consider important to meet a partner11. Paper AirplanesDuration: 15-20 minutesThe number of participants: as much as you canMaterial: One sheet of paper per person, one marker per personRules: Give each p articipant a sheet of paper and a marker. Ask them to write their names and two questions under the paper with the instructions deemed appropriate for the group or context in which it takes place. Then ask them to make a paper plane to your liking.It is important that once completed, launch the planes all at once. Once they fall, each one picks them up and throws them again so that they blend into the room.After this period, you ask that everyone take one (other than their own) and as they wrote the name they should look for the owner of that plane and ask them both questions.After having collected the questions, each participant must present their partner, read the questions and the answer they gave.Goal: This icebreaker is very effective for working with more or less large groups where we can meet and learn many aspects of group members.This icebreaker is no competition, nobody wins or loses.The idea of ??this activity is to know each other better in a fun way and the instructions for the questions depend on where you want to focus the activity in the face of the general activity that is going to be carried out.12. Connecting StoriesDuration: 15-20 minutesThe number of participants: as much as you canMaterial: Post-it or small sheets of paper, pensRules: Divide into groups of 6-8 people (they could be less and make more rounds within the group). It depends on the number of participants in the general group.The first participant writes a mini-story. It is important to note that it is not very long.The next one continues. And so on It can be any kind of context where we want to take the mini-stories.We can bet on something delusional and absurd, something that starts debates, experiences related to the context of work, practice phrases, and verbs, etc.After several rounds and after the time that we consider appropriate, all post-it will be placed online and a representative of the group will read the mini-story they have built.Goal: Connecting stories is a fu n game that helps us especially in teamwork by getting to know each other better and finding common experiences or themes among the people in the group.As always it is very important to facilitate the activity towards the land that you consider appropriate.ICEBREAKER QUESTIONS THAT CAN BE HELPFUL AT THE MEETINGIf you want to break the uncomfortable silence for the meeting, here you can find some useful questions for starting the conversation at the meetings, team buildings or job interviews.If you ask the right question the conversation will flow.First of all, you have to decide if you want to start the meeting with laughing or fun or you want your meeting to start more serious, with brainstorming.This type of questions can help those who participate in the discussion to meet each other and to warm up.Once the icebreaker breaks the ice, the meeting will have its flow. This way you will have the opportunity to ask more questions and learn about different experiences.When a group reun ites for the first time, the atmosphere can be tense.As people are not so comfortable with each other as they are still strangers and dont want to leave a bad impression, the icebreaker can be a big help.A WAY TO USE QUESTIONS FOR BREAKING THE ICE AT THE MEETINGSSome of these questions are for people who are gathering for the first time. On the other hand, you can use any question you like for persons who work together. And some can be useful in both situations.Choosing what question to ask to break the silence at the meetings is only limited by you. You can help yourself using these questions or you can make up your own. Ice Breaker Questions:What is challenging your world of work today?Why employees are complaining?Is there anything you are worried about?What do you like about your colleagues?How do you contribute to the company?Is there anything that is moving you forward in your work?What skill would you like to develop?Is there anything with your colleagues that annoys you?What would you like to know about your boss?If your workplace was an animal, what animal would it be?What would you like to change about your work?If you could change three things about your work, what would that be?Is there any habit that annoys you?Are you planning to stay in your current position or will you change it?If you won the lottery, would you resign your job?Three most important characteristics of a good boss? TYPES OF ICEBREAKER GAMESAt meetings, try using different types of icebreaker games. Use one type for fun and the other for loosening up.If employees already know each other, this kind of game is good to warm up the conversation.And if they have never met before, laugh and fun will only make the conversation more relaxing and interesting.This is the sign that the employees will enjoy the discussion and that they will find the purpose in it.The second type of icebreaker game is an activity that focuses is on informing people about events or activities.For example, peopl e can reunite in the company to talk about annual programs and activities. In order not to be boring, the icebreaker at the reunion is used as a form of brainstorming.At this kind of meeting, employees can realize what is good and what is bad for the company. As everyone has some ideas and opinions, because of brainstorming, this icebreaker can be very useful.WHY USE AN ICEBREAKER?Icebreaker plays an important role at the meeting where communication and being comfortable are important factors.It is good for you to know that you are an equal part of the team and that your opinion matters.This way, obstacles that exist because of the shame are gone and you are free to express yourself.When participants have already met and you want to warm up and make sure that this conversation will go in the right way, it is time for an icebreaker.When employees know each other but they are working in a different department of the company, an icebreaker breaks the tension that exists between them.Wh en participants work on different levels in the hierarchy of the company, the icebreaker is a great way to break stereotypes and develop a comfortable conversation.When employees dont know each other but they share the same goals or they have a lot in common, icebreaker warms up a group before the discussion.When employees are different: they are different age, ethnicity, or have different spheres of interest, the icebreaker is perfect so that they can talk and laugh and break the uncomfortable silence.CONCLUSIONAn icebreaker that is not 100% participatory does not effectively fulfill its purpose.Although you can use other types of dynamics, we recommend that you always use an icebreaker.Why?Well, for the following reasons:Icebreakers allow each person to express themselves and at the same time receive a share of attention from the entire group.Icebreakers allow the group to learn more about what each individual thinks and how each one expresses their emotions.Icebreakers create an atmosphere of harmony and unity in the group.So never underestimate the power of icebreakers! Check out all the icebreakers we have so you can use them in your groups.

Critical Analysis DNA Evidence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2994 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction DNA evidence is the use of body products like saliva, blood, skin cells, semen, and any biological material to develop investigative leads. Forensic DNA analysis is accurate and reliable, and as a result, its evidence is essential in exonerating people who are convicted wrongly. The popularity of DNA evidence has captured the headlines as well as the imagination of the citizens making them involve it in many cases despite the fact that other methods can be used to prove evidence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical Analysis: DNA Evidence" essay for you Create order The technique allows people to be identified with their unique blueprint and it is widely used for criminal investigation especially in the criminal and justice system. The police use DNA to check whether the sample of a suspect matches the one in the file and to understand the characteristics of the criminal. Genetic fingerprinting allows police to store information about DNA regions rather than actual genes for data protection purposes. In statistical modeling, two cultures is a problem that involves science and the real life. People are split into two because of science whereby science is seen as something that will keep people prosperous and secure. The two cultures create a dilemma because the sciences believe that the future of a person is found in their bones while the traditional culture does not believe in the existence of the future. People think that science address the human condition, which is a problem with the traditional culture since God, is the Supreme Being who tre ats all conditions faced by humankind. The truths about these two cultures are contradicting making it difficult to know the real truth. This paper is going to discuss DNA evidence focusing on the problems that surround it including the two cultures problem. DNA Evidence Problem Despite the fact that DNA evidence has been used to solve a lot of issues, it has some limitations. In crime cases, having a match of a DNA in a crime scene makes someone a suspect, but it does not guarantee that the person is guilty. However, in forensic DNA evidence, experts talk about the probability (Reardon, p.40, 2004). The movies and the television portray DNA evidence in such a way that it is capable of solving any criminal case. CSI effect has an influence on the criminal justice whereby jurors rely too much on DNA evidence and exclude other physical evidence that may be of use in solving a case (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.14, 1999). DNA fraud is another issue that is facing DNA evidence whereby criminals plant DNA samples in the crime scene. According to research, it is also possible to manufacture the DNA of a person without even having body tissues of the person. With the help of DNA evidence, crime shows in the television and the movies make it seem easy to catch a criminal and solve crimes. However, this is not the case in real life situations. Lab mistakes occur at times, and sometimes there are cases of mixed evidence like siblings sharing the same DNA, which could make an innocent person be convicted of a crime. The reported matches need to be interpreted correctly in order to ensure that the right person is convicted. According to research, interpreting results requires a lot of consideration rather than technological knowledge (Mcharek, p.122, 2000). People perceive that DNA results offer evidence without a reasonable doubt but in most cases, a DNA match does not guarantee the guilt of a suspect. Errors can occur especially when several DNAs are mixed and when the evidence is degraded through improper storage and time. Hence, it is important to separate different sources to avoid mixing the DNAs. The analysts are human beings, and sometimes they can be affected emotionally leading to bias. In most cases, the people conducting the analysis are aware of the results that are supposed to match, and it influences the process. The jurors also get a lot of information on DNA evidence but little information on how to analyze the results, which are capable of causing errors (Connors, p.31, 1996). DNA errors occur because of collection and handling errors. DNA evidence faces the risk of being contaminated whereby officers should reduce related activities in order to ensure that contamination does not occur. While collecting evidence, such activities like smoking, drinking, and eating should not take place because they increase the chances of the evidence being contaminated. This is because DNA is a sensitive type of proof and any compromise can lead to contamination, which can in return give the wrong results. According to research, ninety-five percent of the DNA is not understood whereby experts technically refer it to noncoding DNA or junk DNA. The lack of this understanding, in this case, is associated with lack of purpose resulting in the question whether nature is supposed to make mistakes (Fausto-Sterling, p.5, 2004). The people that are in control of DNA database are capable of planting fake evidence in a crime scene since they are aware of the lineage of an individual including the physical characteristics, the diseases, the mental characteristics, and predispositions. As a result, the use of DNA as a criminal evidence is negated unless there is corroborating evidence. The Predictive Powers of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule used to encode the instructions of genes that are used in the development and the functioning of organisms. DNA is a macromolecule that is necessary for all forms of life, and it consists of two polymers made of deoxyribose and phosphate groups that alternate each other (Reardon, p.44, 2004). DNA contains biological storage whereby the molecule has an inbuilt duplicate of encoded information because of the DNA backbone that is resistant to cleavage. The process used by forensic scientists is known as DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting. The method is reliable in identifying a match in a crime. The sequence of DNA makes up a gene whereby the gene is used to determine the characteristics of the organism, and in this case, the attribute of the suspect. These features include the colors of their eyes, the hair, and the physical strength. A series of genes create a chromosome whereby the unique biological code of a person appears (Connors, p.35, 1996). As a result, a sample of a DNA is capable of showing the genetic blueprints of an individual and therefore, recreates the person. The code is unique in all organisms, and hence it is used to trace the particular suspect in a crime. DNA evidence has predictive powers whereby it is possible to connect a person with a tangible object. Biological evidence is a type of proof that is not visible but shows physical evidence. All the biological evidence that is obtained in a crime scene is subjected to tests whereby all kinds of biological organs can be used including saliva, vomit and even feces (Mcharek, p.123, 2000). The testing uses a few cells to obtain evidence whereby the sources of the sample are identified and the suspect is determined whether he/she was at a crime scene. A weapon can be put in the hands of a suspect through DNA testing helping to solve crimes. It is important for officers to be aware of how to use DNA evidence since it is a powerful tool and in case it is used in the wrong way can lead to innocent people being implicated for crimes they did not commit. The integrity of the crime scene is necessary in DNA evidence whereby the scene should be protected in order for the evidence to be safe. The success of a DNA evidence requires preservation and safeguarding of proof whereby details of the state of the evidence should be documented such as wet blood spatters or dry blood (Fausto-Sterling, p.11, 2004). DNA evidence uses a chain of custody where the people collecting evidence keep a record of all the people with physical possession of proof. In addition, to maintain the integrity of the crime scene, recording makes sure that evidence is collected in the right manner. DNA is a powerful tool and experts can use DNA samples and knowledge to create medical advances and answer important questions (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.17, 1999). DNA can be applied in various compelling situations especially in detection and treatment of diseases. This is because it has the ability to spot and prevent an ailment in the case that the blueprint of a person i s presented. For instance, re-growth of an organ can occur through cloning whereby a missing part of the body can be developed. In the case of crime evidence, DNA is capable of placing a person in a crime scene or excluding a suspect in a scene of the offense. Hence, DNA evidence is an important tool in solving crimes because it has powerful predictive abilities. The Two Cultures Problem The issue of whether people from two different cultures can understand one another can be answered by science. Science creates knowledge by using personal knowledge whereby a distinctive culture is formed. Science is an independent culture that helps to transcend the ethnic cultures (Fausto-Sterling, p.22, 2004). However, literary people cannot understand science as a distinctive culture resulting in another culture being formed of the literary people. Hence, the two cultures are the literary culture and the science culture, and they have differing opinions about different people from different cultures understanding one another. The basic understanding of different cultures is based on science rather than language. Culture is a factor that forms the physical and biological evolution of a person and cannot be treated as an organ in the body. Human culture is distinctive whereby science and art form two different cultures. The two cultures problem assumes that people from different cultures are not capable of understanding one another. Science and art form two distinctive cultures because humanists and scientists cannot communicate with one another and the problem needs to be resolved. The problem assumes that people from different cultures always misunderstand one another and that membership in the two cultures is mutually limited (Fausto-Sterling, p.15, 2004). Humanists believe that the people who value technology and science and believe that it is meant to enhance technology do not belong in the contemporary world. This is because the mind and cognition model is the information-processing factor. Science and technology define human beings as computer machines, and human characteristics are seen as the thinking and judgment computation models. Humanists are marginalized by technoscience whereby devices are deemed more important than people are. Scholars expect technology to serve them while scientists expect philosophers to follow the algorithmic and universal laws of the physical system (Connors, p.39, 1996). As a result, the two cultures cannot understand one another since computer systems function according to finite procedures that are fixed, and they cannot deviate. On the other hand, the human systems are open and infinite hence cannot be compared to computer systems. The creation of the artists and scientists allow the breaking of the barrier between the two cultures through the creation of knowledge. This is because knowledge has an actual dimension and it is subjective to personal experience. The content of the education should be open to the discovery of all people irrespective of the culture they originate. However, it is important to change the focal awareness of the people and to extend the subliminal understanding (Fausto-Sterling, p.35, 2004). The creation of scientific knowledge is dependent on the knowledge that is embodied in culture because scientists are bound by culture. As a result, the production of knowledge is ironic since there is a commitment of artistic processes and imagination confirming the traditional scientific procedures. Therefore, the two cultures are based on two stereotypes that are misleading since the creation of knowledge is applicable in the two cultures. The problem of how technocrats and humanists communicate comes from the two cultures problem. It is possible for the two cultures to communicate through the understanding of what drives the problem. There is a possibility of solving the issue in case people discuss and elaborate the problem more. The people who support technology systems and the ones who use the systems can listen to the individuals who use the systems in order to come with solutions. The problems can be interpreted as design flaws like the bugs problem in technology that is said to make people stupid (Mcharek, p.149, 2000). In the case of bug problems, the only way to come up with a solution is to involve the developers. The developers can create a system that improves the abilities of the users instead of one that curbs them. The problem of the two cultures can be solved through evolution and knowledge. This is because the two cultures are not different but instead they contain the same elements. The two cultures depend on the same factors in order for humanists and scientists to create knowledge (Reardon, p.52, 2004). These features include irony, metaphor, switching of perspective, and focus. Humanists can be defined as scientists in terms of the way they elaborate issues as well as the way they discuss interpretations critically. In addition, philosophy and history involve debugging, criticism, problem-solving, and resolution of problems, which show similarity rather than differences. On the other hand, the theories and the socio-technical systems are found in the contemporary society as well as in humanists and scientists, which are over the cultural differences. Hence, it is important to discuss these issues in order to come up with a solution. The technology has a common goal, which is creating and using knowledge. The users, the developers and the humanists both need the same thing and as a result, it is important to come up with a solution rather than looking at the difference that exists between the two cultures. Since there is a common goal in the two cultures, it is possible to have a direction that can facilitate communication between the two groups. This means that the technology developers need to listen to the technology users in order for an effective solution to be developed (Connors, p.41, 1996). For instance, the users may state the failures of a system whereby the developers are supposed to draw up a solution to the particular problem. In addition to both scientists and humanists having the knowledge of creating, they also have the knowledge of using technology. As a result, the two cultures are capable of understanding one another because they share the same characteristics and knowledge. The two cultures problem in DNA Evidence DNA analysis has enhanced and outweighs all the other forensic techniques used in finding evidence. However, the technique has a disadvantage because science can only be reliable depending on the way people decide to use it. With DNA evidence, the manner of using the method keeps on evolving, and as a result, the field of forensic evidence keeps on expanding. However, it is important to understand the analysis of the mixtures and the probability of the analysis going wrong. This is because according to biology, human beings share 99.9 percent of genes (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.17, 1999). However, the strands of DNA have a unique sequence in all human beings and the chances of having a share of the same gene are rare. The mixtures of DNA samples consist of many alleles making the mathematics in the analysis complicated. Therefore, it is important for the study to determine the contributors that are involved in a test as well as the type of allele that belong to a particular suspect (Re ardon, p.56, 2004). It is possible for alleles to appear to exist in a place that it does not especially, if the sample is degraded or too small. This means that the analysis is an objective science and at the same times an interpretive art. In some cases, victims are implicated in crimes that they did not commit in order for the guilty party to go free. The fundamental objective of the DNA evidence technology is to help solve problems and at the same time eliminate subjectivity in forensics. However, crime laboratories do not operate in the way that they are meant to because subjectivity still exists even with DNA evidence. This is because the level of training and standards vary, as well as the quality of results (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.18, 1999). The forensic DNA has a dark side whereby many DNA evidence testing go wrong because of the faults of both the users and the developers of the technology. The problem also exists because of lack of communication between the police officers and the DNA experts because the police do not know how to interpret the results from the laboratories. DNA profiling does not have skepticism and mistakes occur all the time (Mcharek, p.154, 2000). DNA evidence is the science used to come u p with answers, but the people in the laboratory and the police officers use it wrong leading to more problems like punishing innocent people. People need to accept the world as it is and as a result, the difference between science and culture will be solved. Conclusion DNA evidence is any biological evidence that is capable of connecting a suspect to a crime. It has predictive powers whereby it is capable of placing a person in a crime scene even without any physical evidence. The primary objective of DNA evidence is to eliminate subjectivity and to solve crimes effectively. However, DNA evidence has some problems that include testing errors that mostly occur because of contamination. Mixing of several samples or other materials as well as keeping a sample for an extended time can contaminate a sample and as a result, give the wrong results. The two cultures problem involves communication issues between scientists and humanists because of differing beliefs. However, the problem can be reconciled with the development of knowledge and discussion of the issue more often in order to come up with the practical solution. The two cultures are not contradicting because they share the same characteristics hence are capable of developing a solution. With the correct use of DNA evidence technology, crime can be solved effectively.

Biography of Dido Elizabeth Belle, English Aristocrat

Dido Elizabeth Belle (c. 1761–July 1804) was a British aristocrat of mixed heritage. She was born into slavery in the British West Indies, the daughter of an African slave and British military officer Sir John Lindsay. In 1765, Lindsay moved with Belle to England, where she lived with royals and eventually became a wealthy heiress; her life was the subject of the 2013 film Belle. Fast Facts: Dido Elizabeth Belle Known For: Belle was a mixed-race English aristocrat who was born into slavery and died a wealthy heiress.Born: c. 1761 in the British West IndiesParents: Sir John Lindsay and Maria BelleDied: July 1804 in London, EnglandSpouse: John Davinier (m.  1793)Children: John, Charles, William Early Life Dido Elizabeth Belle was born in the British West Indies around 1761. Her father Sir John Lindsay was a British nobleman and navy captain, and her mother Maria Belle was an African woman that Lindsay is thought to have found on a Spanish ship in the Caribbean (little else is known about her). Her parents were not married. Dido was named after her mother, her great-uncle’s first wife, Elizabeth, and for Dido the Queen of Carthage. â€Å"Dido† was the name of a popular 18th-century play, William Murray, a descendant of Dido’s great-uncle, later said. â€Å"It was probably chosen to suggest her elevated status,† he said. â€Å"It says: ‘This girl is precious, treat her with respect.’† A New Beginning At about the age of 6, Dido parted ways with her mother and was sent to live with her great-uncle William Murray, Earl of Mansfield, and his wife in England. The couple was childless and already raising another great-niece, Lady Elizabeth Murray, whose mother had died. It’s unknown how Dido felt about the separation from her mother, but the split resulted in the mixed-race child being raised as an aristocrat rather than a  slave (she did, however, remain the property of Lord Mansfield). Dido grew up at Kenwood, a royal estate outside of London, and was allowed to receive a royal education. She even served as the earl’s legal secretary, assisting him with his correspondence (an unusual responsibility for a woman at the time). Misan Sagay, who wrote the screenplay for the film â€Å"Belle,† said that the earl appeared to treat Dido nearly equally to her completely European cousin. The family purchased the same luxurious items for Dido that they did for Elizabeth. Quite often if they were buying, say, silk bed hangings, they were buying for two, Sagay said. She believes that the earl and Dido were very close, as he wrote about her with affection in his diaries. Friends of the family—including Thomas Hutchinson, the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay—also noted the close relationship between Dido and the earl. Scottish philosopher James Beattie noted her intelligence, describing Dido as a negro girl about 10 years old, who had been six years in England, and not only spoke with the articulation and accent of a native, but repeated some pieces of poetry, with a degree of elegance, which would have been admired in any English child of her years. Life at Kenwood A 1779 painting of Dido and her cousin Elizabeth—which now hangs in Scotland’s Scone Palace—shows that Dido’s skin color did not give her inferior status at Kenwood. In the painting, both she and her cousin are dressed in finery. Also, Dido is not positioned in a submissive pose, as blacks typically were in paintings during that time period. This portrait—the work of Scottish painter David Martin—is largely responsible for generating public interest in Dido over the years, as is the notion, which remains in dispute, that she influenced her uncle, who served as Lord Chief Justice, to make legal decisions that led to slavery in England being abolished. The one indication that Dido’s skin color did result in her being treated differently at Kenwood is that she was forbidden to take part in formal dinners with her family members. Instead, she had to join them after such meals concluded. Francis Hutchinson, an American visitor to Kenwood, described this phenomenon in a letter. A black came in after dinner and sat with the ladies and, after coffee, walked with the company in the gardens, one of the young ladies having her arm within the other,† Hutchinson wrote. â€Å"He [the earl] calls her Dido, which I suppose is all the name she has.† Inheritance Although Dido was slighted during meals, William Murray cared enough about her to want her to live autonomously after his death. He left her a large inheritance and granted Dido her freedom when he died at the age of 88 in 1793. Death After her great-uncle’s death, Dido married Frenchman John Davinier  and bore him three sons. She died in July 1804 at age 43. Dido was buried in the cemetery at St. Georges Fields, Westminster. Legacy Much of Didos unusual life remains a mystery. It was David Martins portrait of her and her cousin Elizabeth that initially stirred so much interest in her. The painting inspired the 2013 film Belle, a speculative work about the aristocrats unique life. Other works about Dido include the plays Let Justice Be Done and An African Cargo; the musical Fern Meets Dido; and the novels Family Likeness and Belle: The True Story of Dido Belle. The absence of recorded information about Didos life has made her an enigmatic figure and the source of endless speculation. Some historians believe she may have influenced her uncle in making his historic anti-slavery rulings as Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. Sources Bindman, David, et al. The Image of the Black in Western Art. Belknap Press, 2014.Jeffries, Stuart. â€Å"Dido Belle: the Artworld Enigma Who Inspired a Movie.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 27 May 2014.Poser, Norman S. Lord Mansfield: Justice in the Age of Reason. McGill-Queens University Press, 2015.

Narrative Essay- the Crucible Abigail Williams Free Essays

Before the accusations: Dear Diary, I hate Elizabeth by heart. I am calling for revenge, oh God please hear me. And if God is not willing to fulfill my desire I will have to use other aid. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Essay- the Crucible Abigail Williams or any similar topic only for you Order Now I cannot stand the hurt in my bleeding heart anymore. John, oh John, it would be easier if you left your wife and flower out the purity of our love with me. We could leave; go to a place where we will be satisfied for the rest of our lives. But you broke my heart. I tried to couple with you. I still remember my accelerated heartbeat when our bodies came closer; you should have kissed me. But you did not. Instead, you do not want to know anything about me. I truly thought that you would fall in my arms. And I did not feel guilty about our forbidden love for one breath of my life. I would do it again, just for you John, for our love. I never felt such true love in my life. I never had a mother who would love me no matter what happens. You were the only light in my life. And this light disappeared when you decided to turn your back on me. You cannot resist me, I know that. You still love me, you have to love me, and I am the only one for you. So I will do whatever it takes to reunite with you again. I do not care about Elizabeth or her devilishly children, they should burn in hell. Oh yes, Elizabeth, you honest, well-behaved holy woman, you will perceive my choler. You will regret dismissing me. I am not the one to blame for the emptiness in your marriage. Besides I am the one of us two who makes him blessed to be a member of this world. I have a plan. I shall not rest until I receive what I deserve. People may die. But there is a price for every purchase in this world. In my case it is the craving for revenge. Revenge, revenge, you are sweet bitter. I need to make sacrifices. Witchcraft is the problem’s solution. Tituba will help me. She is from the Barbados and she is informed about other spirits. We used to meet in the woods. We dance. Sometimes we get naked. Last time we drank chicken blood in order to kill Elizabeth Proctor. I think Parris saw us dancing in the woods. Betty is not doing well. But I do not care about her state. If she says a word about us drinking blood I will kill her. I already warned her. She will listen, she is bright. All the other maids do not mind to manipulate Salem. It is a game. We will never give up because we started it. I am awfully enthused to see Elizabeth hang. Proctor is clever. He will know that I am behind all this mystic witchcraft. Maybe then he will know how important he is to me. Some people are going to die. I think we are going to name 19 people in the court. Mary Warren is a good girl, too good. She might tell the truth about everything. I need to be prepared. She will not be the one to destroy my genius plan. I already put too much effort in it. No one can stop me. No one can stop the girls from Salem. We are born to be successful. We are born to get what we want. We will kill inhabitants of Salem. We will be the winners of this game I write the rules. I am the leader. After the witch trials: Dear Diary, John is dead. I never wanted him to die. I loved him too much. He is gone now. He will never come back. I offered him to leave with me, I had the money but he did not want to be with me. He did not want me, Abigail Williams. I miss him; I miss his warm hands and his soft skin. I miss how he looked at me. Elizabeth it is your entire fault. You should have died. Why him and not you? I tried my best. I pointed at innocent people. Innocent people hanged because of us. We killed them. We had to kill them. They had to die. I enjoyed the relieving moment when someone was hanged. It felt right. I felt euphoric. They were the zenith of my life. I knew that Mary Warren would act Puritan. She is just like Elizabeth. I hate her. The Court did not believe her. We were too strong. She was too weak, poor girl. She was sweating like a hounded pig when the judge was questioning her. She needs to learn how to lie. When she knew that the judges would not believe her she gave up and came to our safe side. But now John is dead because of her. I am selfish. I take my life over his and I do not regret it. John had his chance to come with me. It was his choice to hang. I want to live and I will. I will find another man, a better man who appreciates my effort and love. I will be happy and blessed. Until then I will do everything to hide the truth from the light. Salem will never be clever enough to hunt the actual witches of the town. We are responsible for the death of 19 human lives. We are beasts. Try to catch us. The game goes on. How to cite Narrative Essay- the Crucible Abigail Williams, Essays

Experience of Tourism

Question: Discuss about the Experience of Tourism. Answer: An amazing experience on Vembanad Lake, one of the worlds largest inland lakes A houseboat sojourn on Vembanad Lake is an out of the world experience. Located in Kumarakom in the Kottayam District of Kerala, the lake is nestled amidst the bounties of nature. After landing at the Cochin International Airport, the drive down to Kottayam was a surreal prelude to the main experience. Upon reaching Kottayam, I found a nice cozy resort in the picturesque Kumarakom Tourist Village. On offer were exhilarating boat trips through the network of canals (Sharath (2016)). Teeming with activity, the waterways are a mode of transport for the local populace. Beautiful homes dot the water banks. It was a revelation to see young children dive into the waters fearlessly and splash at each other in pure mirth and merry. For a moment, this place brought nostalgic memories. The child within me wanted to play again in these waters. But before that, the gigantic ecosystem of the Vembanad was beckoning me. Setting sail in the morning on a beautifully decked houseboat, the feeling was pure bliss. A special native breakfast was sumptuous and satiated me; but already my heart and soul were satiated to the brim on being in this natures backyard. Santhosh (2013) As the boat cut through the waters, it felt that the boat was the musical instrument for the chiming waters. Surrounded by the vast expansiveness of the water, it felt I was in the middle of the ocean (Trip Advisor (n.d.)). Cool winds assailed me. Beautiful birds were perched on mid-lake tree barks. The shore around the lake was abounding with flora and fauna. Alas, at the end of the trip, I felt like staying back. But I reminded myself, theres always a next time! The houseboat business has for long struggled due to high attrition rates. The houseboat touristic sojourn is Keralas trump leisure product attracting visitors from around the world. But frequent clashes between employees and employers of houseboats businesses have resulted in the closing down of many businesses. Houseboat businesses are not able to provide affordable rates because of the cost of ownership of the business. Existing business owners are looking for other avenues because of unrealistic wage hikes demanded by employees of houseboat tour operators. The only solution for this problem is to seek the governments backing to funnel funds into this sector. It will help businesses sustain their business without raising rates. The result of such an approach is a higher visitor density from within and outside the country. While volumes increase, a break-even is inevitable. From then, the business flourishes and so does the sector. References: Excellent houseboat trip in Kerala backwaters, Vembanad. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.tripadvisor.in/ShowUserReviews-g2282687-d320392-r102862687-Punnamada_Lake-Kuttanad_Kerala.html Sharath, L. (2016, July 14). Drifting Along Vembanad. Retrieved from https://www.india.com/travel/articles/drifting-along-on-vembanad/ Santosh. (2013, January 21). Watching Life Unfold on Lake Vembanad. Retrieved from https://sukshma.net/tag/lake-vembanad/ Houseboat business struggles to stay afloat. (2012 June 23). Retrieved from https://www.ndtv.com/south/houseboat-business-struggles-to-stay-afloat-489573

Ancestral Photograph Essays

Ancestral Photograph Essays Ancestral Photograph Paper Ancestral Photograph Paper Essay Topic: Poetry There are several language devices used in Ancestral Photograph. To start off, Heaney used simile in the first line, solid as a turnip, this phrase suggests that the jaw of the person in the picture is stiffed and unnatural because of the word solid meaning something hard. Except for the phrase mentioned above, there are more that suggests the tension that the person had in the picture. Dead eyes are statues also suggests a tensed atmosphere because statue is a non living thing and it wont move, hence suggesting the person was just like a statue not being able to move. Enjambments were used widely in this poem, for example, from line 2 to 3 upper lipBullies. The enjambment emphasized the mouth action of the person; the upper lip was bullying the lower lip. The word Bullies gave a sense that the upper lip was overlapping lower lip. The phrase silver watch chain again showed that he was sitting difficultly and was forced to hold the position because it gave an image of that the person was being strapped or tied up with the chain. In the second stanza, Heaney informed about the photo being taken off, with an enjambment begins to fade.. And must come down. This enjambment not only showed that his memory and feeling towards the person in the photo is beginning to fade but it also suggested that the picture was very insignificant to him and that it have to be taken down. Later on he emphasizes the point that the picture is no longer vital to him with a simile as if a bandage had been ripped from skin, this line suggests that it was forgotten because a bandage is normally ripped off when the wound is healed and no more scar could be seen. At the end of stanza two, Heaney created a image of the picture was the key element protecting the memory of the house with the line Empty plaque to a houses rise and fall. Empty plaque was being referred as the place where the picture was placed and it gave an idea that its still the same. The clause houses rise and fall was used to show the up tide and the low tide that the family had been through. In the concluding stanza, Heaney used another enjambment connecting two eminent lines Your stick.. Was parked behind the door and stands there still. The clause Your stick was representing the herding stick that his father and uncle used when they are at work, and Heaney also expressed that although he didnt follow his father or uncles foot step he still remembers the family career and would carry it on with his own ways with the phrase stands there still.

Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War

Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War The Second Battle of Bull Run (also called the Second Manassas, Groveton, Gainesville, and Brawners Farm) took place during the second year of the American Civil War. It was a major disaster for the Union forces and a turning point in both strategy and leadership for the North in the attempt to bring the war to its conclusion. Fought in late August of 1862 near Manassas, Virginia, the two-day brutal battle was one of the bloodiest of the conflict. Overall, casualties totaled 22,180, with 13,830 of those Union soldiers. Background The first Battle of the Bull Run occurred 13 months earlier when both sides had gone gloriously to war for their separate notions of what the ideal United States should be. Most people believed that it would take only one big decisive battle to resolve their differences. But the North lost the first Bull Run battle, and by August of 1862, the war had become an unrelentingly brutal affair. In the spring of 1862, Maj. Gen. George McClellan ran the Peninsula Campaign to recapture the Confederate capital at Richmond, in a grueling series of battles that culminated in the Battle of Seven Pines. It was a partial Union victory, but the emergence of the Confederate Robert E. Lee as a military leader in that battle would cost the North dearly. Leadership Change Maj. Gen. John Pope was appointed by Lincoln in June of 1862 to command the Army of Virginia as a replacement for McClellan. Pope was far more aggressive than McClellan but was generally despised by his chief commanders, all of whom technically outranked him. At the time of the second Manassas, Popes new army had three corps of 51,000 men, led by Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks, and Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell. Eventually, another 24,000 men would join from parts of three corps from McClellans Army of the Potomac, led by Maj. Gen. Jesse Reno. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee was also new to the leadership: His military star rose at Richmond. But unlike Pope, Lee was an able tactician and admired and respected by his men. In the run-up to the Second Bull Run battle, Lee saw that the Union forces were yet divided, and sensed an opportunity existed to destroy Pope before heading south to finish McClellan. The Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two wings of 55,000 men, commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet and Maj. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson.   A New Strategy for the North One of the elements that surely led to the fierceness of the battle was the change in strategy from the North. President Abraham Lincolns original policy allowed southern noncombatants who had been captured to go back to their farms and escape the cost of war. But the policy failed miserably. Noncombatants continued to support the South in ever-increasing ways, as suppliers for food and shelter, as spies on the Union forces, and as participants in guerrilla warfare. Lincoln instructed Pope and other generals to begin pressuring the civilian population by bringing some of the hardships of war to them. In particular, Pope ordered harsh penalties for guerilla attacks, and some in Popes army interpreted this to mean pillage and steal. That enraged Robert E. Lee. In July of 1862, Pope had his men concentrate at Culpeper courthouse on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad about 30 miles north of Gordonsville between the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers. Lee  sent Jackson and the left wing to move north to Gordonsville to meet Pope. On Aug. 9, Jackson defeated Banks corps at  Cedar Mountain, and by Aug. 13, Lee moved Longstreet north as well.   Timeline of Key Events Aug. 22–25: Several indecisive skirmishes took place across and along the Rappahannock River. McClellans forces began to join Pope, and in response Lee sent Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuarts cavalry division around to the Union right flank. Aug. 26: Marching northward, Jackson seized Popes supply depot in the woods at Groveton, and then struck at the Orange Alexandria Railroad Bristoe Station. Aug. 27: Jackson captured and destroyed the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction, forcing Pope into retreat from the Rappahannock. Jackson routed the New Jersey Brigade near Bull Run Bridge, and another battle was fought at Kettle Run, resulting in 600 casualties. During the night, Jackson moved his men north to the first Bull Run battlefield. Aug. 28: At 6:30 p.m., Jackson ordered his troops to attack a Union column as it marched along the Warrenton Turnpike. The battle was engaged on Brawner Farm, where it lasted until dark. Both sustained heavy losses. Pope misinterpreted the battle as a retreat and ordered his men to trap Jacksons men. Aug. 29: At 7:00 in the morning, Pope sent a group of men against a Confederate position north of the turnpike in a series of uncoordinated and largely unsuccessful attacks. He sent conflicting instructions to do this to his commanders, including Maj. Gen. John Fitz Porter, who chose not to follow them. By afternoon, Longstreets Confederate troops reached the battlefield and deployed on Jacksons right, overlapping the Union left. Pope continued to misinterpret the activities and did not receive news of Longstreets arrival until after dark. Aug. 30: The morning was quiet- both sides took the time to confer with their lieutenants. By afternoon, Pope continued to assume incorrectly that the Confederates were leaving, and began planning a massive attack to pursue them. But Lee had gone nowhere, and Popes commanders knew that. Only one of his wings ran with him. Lee and Longstreet moved forward with 25,000 men against the Unions left flank. The North was repelled, and Pope faced disaster. What prevented Popes death or capture was a heroic stand on Chinn Ridge and Henry House Hill, which distracted the South and bought enough time for Pope to withdraw across Bull Run towards Washington around 8:00 p.m. Aftermath The humiliating defeat of the North at the second Bull Run included 1,716 killed, 8,215 wounded and 3,893 missing from the North, a total of 13,824 alone from Popes army. Lee suffered 1,305 killed and 7,048 wounded. Pope blamed his defeat on a conspiracy of his officers for not joining in the attack on Longstreet, and court-martialed Porter for disobedience. Porter was convicted in 1863 but exonerated in 1878. The Second Battle of Bull Run was a sharp contrast to the first. Lasting two days of brutal, bloody battle, it was the worst the war had yet seen. To the Confederacy, the win was the crest of their northward-rushing movement, beginning their first invasion when Lee reached the Potomac River in Maryland on Sept. 3. To the Union, it was a devastating defeat, sending the North into a depression that was only remedied by the quick mobilization needed to repel the invasion of Maryland. The Second Manassas is a study of the ills that pervaded the Union high command in Virginia before U.S. Grant was chosen to head up the army. Popes incendiary personality and policies bared a deep schism among his officers, Congress and the North. He was relieved of his command on Sept. 12, 1862, and Lincoln moved him out to Minnesota to participate in the Dakota Wars with the Sioux. Sources Hennessy, John J. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Print.Luebke, Peter C. Second Manassas Campaign. Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities 2011. Web. Accessed April 13, 2018.Tompkins, Gilbert. The Unlucky Right Wing. The North American Review 167.504 (1898): 639–40. Print.Wert, Jeffry. Second Battle of Manassas: Union Major General John Pope Was No Match for Robert E. Lee. History.net. 1997 [2006]. Web. Accessed April 13, 2018.Zimm, John. This Wicked Rebellion: Wisconsin Civil War Soldiers Write Home. The Wisconsin Magazine of History 96.2 (2012): 24–27. Print.

Poem Literary Exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Poem Literary Exploration - Essay Example The phrases that indicate feelings of regret were: â€Å"What did I know, what did I know of love’s austere and lonely offices?† (Hayden, n.d., par. 3). This simply means that from the perspective of the narrator (the speaker), there was a sorry feeling that the good intentions and actions expressed by the hardworking father was not returned by family members who manifested actions such as â€Å"no one ever thanked him† (Hayden, n.d., par. 1) and â€Å"speaking indifferently to him† (Hayden, n.d., par. 3). The personal situation that was shown in the poem was a simple description of a typical Sunday during winter when the father gets up early in the morning to chop wood needed to warm the house. The tone was sad and melancholic as indicated by the feelings of regret exemplified by the use of the following words: cold, cracked hands, ached, austere, and lonely. From this central idea, one would realize that regret is a common human experience that happens in every possible scenario involving human relationships: in the family, with peers or teachers in school, with community members, and with other people where interpersonal relationships have been exchanged. . I could empathize with the speaker as I am also guilty of not having much appreciated the good deeds, support, and love shown to me by my parents and loved ones. Most of the time, simple situations like having been served a good meal by my mother, being provided with the financial support by my father or the assistance in househo ld chores by siblings pass by without proper acknowledgement or saying â€Å"thank you†. In situations when I am given the opportunity to look back at simple tasks, I realize that I share the same sentiments expressed by the speaker in the poem. Upon further analysis, the poem could be considered containing free verses where there was no clear rhythmic pattern. The numbers of lines per paragraph were also different: 5 lines for the first and third paragraphs and 4 lines for the second paragraph. On the other hand, there was no rhythmic pattern since the syllabications per line were diverse, as counted: 11-9-6-10-9 for the first paragraph; 11-7-8-10 for the second; and 9-7-8-8-10 for the third. The only pattern manifested in this poem was the repetition of words (cold) and the paralleling of ideas (indifference, lack of appreciation, chronic angers). The sound in the poem provided emphasis on the message being relayed. The recurrence of consonant sounds was clearer: blueback c old; cracked hands; cold splintering, breaking; chronic. There was a level of irony that was shown from the situation illustration by the words: â€Å"Speaking indifferently to him who had driven out the cold and polished my good shoes as well† (Hayden, n.d., par. 3). Also, the message that the father has to do all the hard work and chores for fear of facing the chronic angers in the house further presents a situational irony in terms of expecting worse to happen despite the good deeds being done. As I get to reflect on the theme and the message relayed, there is this pain of regret one felt for not having duly appreciated and acknowledged all the support and hard work that parents have done for their children, in general. Children have tendencies to take for granted that it is the obligation of parents to

Questions on UML and Project Management Research Paper

Questions on UML and Project Management - Research Paper Example The UML is used to construct, visualize, document, specify and modify the elements of an object oriented system under enhancement.. J. Object Management Group (OMG) is an association of several computer design and system developers. The formation of the OMG targeted the setting of conventional standards for disturbed object oriented systems. Currently, the organization concerns with different aspects of modeling such as business processes, systems and programs. OMG attempts to avert vague standards that cannot be implementable or have never been implemented. Object Management Group also provides other standards basing on modeling principles. Apart from the UML, OMG also involves in other modeling operations. Meta Object Facility (MOF) is another specification employed in OMG. MOF is applicable in the Model-Driven Architecture and combines each development and integration steps of business, architectural and application modeling to enable development, management and transformation. Bu siness Motivation Model (BMM) is also an OMG specification standard. The BMM avails vocabulary for organization’s governance and strategic planning. ... of the UML state machine operation incorporates the organization of a way a device such as a computer program works  in a way that a section or each of its elements is accurately one of the number of probable state at which there are explicitly definitions of conditional conversions between the states. UML state machine initiates the concepts of hierarchy nested states and perpendicular regions, while extending the notion of actions. The state machines depict protocol and behavioral state machines. The behavioral state machines can be utilized in modeling the actions of individual elements while the protocol statecharts are employed to express utilization protocols and identify the legal usage situations of order interfaces and ports. Umbrello UML Modeller Umbrello UML Modeller is a software diagram tool which is present for many platforms such as Unix-like and Microsoft windows. The modeller is versatile and performs well with other computers and programming conditions. Umbrello U ML Modeller tool manages all types of paradigm UML diagrams. The tool can reverse all written codes from different languages such as python, C++, Java, IDL and Ada. Umbello can also reverse the XMI files produced from PHP codes and export to other diverse programming languages. Umbello permits sharing of model components through exportation of Docbook in addition to other XHTML layouts. The distribution assists in amalgamation enhancement attempts in case the team members cannot access the umbello directly. The tool is also critical in situations where the data is to be published in the web. Therefore, Umbrello UML Modeller would be the best for a project team to use in developing an object-oriented information system using UML. Umbrello UML Modeller is more significant because it supports

Introduction To Communalism In India

Introduction To Communalism In India Communalism is a pervasive phenomenon in the public life of India and communal riots are the ugliest expression (Krishna, 1985). Communal riots have become an integral part of communalism in India. An event can be classified as a communal riot on two grounds. Firstly, if there is violence. Secondly, if two or more communally identified groups confront each other or the members of the other group, at some point during the violence (Varshney, 2002). The reason behind such communal riots can be superficial and trivial; though deep within there are political reasons behind such events (Varshney, 2002). India is not new to communal riots; the first recorded riots were in the year 1714, 1715, 1716 and 1750 in Ahmedabad (Rajeshwari, 2004). Bipin Chandra in his book Communalism in Modern India writes that the maximum communal riots in India took place during 1923-26. Communal riots in India are not spontaneous and are rarely due to any religious animosity. They usually arise due to conflicting political interests, which are often linked to economic interests (Rajeshwari, 2004). During the 1960s till the late 1980s, the local political and economic factors played a significant role in instigating the riots in major parts of India (Engineer, 2002). However, since then the emergence of Hindtuva politics, it has been the major cause of communal riots (Engineer, 2002). The role of news media in reportage of communal riots in India is a major area of concern. Everything is reported in the media, so are communal riots. The role of the news media has grown in recent years, perhaps because of the centrality of the news media in communal violence and conflicts (Wolfsfeld, 2007). Even the most casual of observers wont deny the increasing significance of news media under such crisis situations. The influence of the news media in peace processes is more subtle, in part because what is not reported in the media is in some ways more important than what is reported. This paper would look at the way Indian media covered and reported the two most horrific incidents of communal violence in India the 1984 Sikh riots in New Delhi and the 2002 Gujarat (Godhra) riots. On both occasions the media drew criticisms. The paper would discuss if the media has been objective in covering both riots and also as to what should be medias role in coverage of such future communal riots in India, if any. The Changing Face of News Media The global media sphere is changing with each passing second. New communications technologies such as camera enabled mobile phones and laptop computers are giving journalists an opportunity to gather and disseminate information with normal ease. This digitization of the news industry has led to compression of time and space and thus enabled us to see news and images of conflicts as and when they happen. The images broadcasted in our living rooms are not only informing the global audience of the horrific happenings but might also instigate further violence in an existing violent situation. As a result, the medias reporting of a conflict situation has become as central to the unfolding of the conflict itself. With the evolution in technology the tyranny of distance might have reduced but various hidden realities and factors still affect the reporting of conflicts. This is proved by a study done by Virgil Hawkings, who explains that the conflict in Africa which has been in the post-Cold war world responsible for nearly 90% of the worlds war deaths suffered a complete media blackout. Similarly, the coverage of the massive war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which resulted in over one million deaths in the year 2000, was almost insignificant (Hawkins, 2008). Since the media has a powerful ability to reach large number of people. It ignites the opinion building process and impacts the political decisions and audience reactions in the society. This eventually shapes the course of prevalent crises and conflicts (Ballantine, 2003). The Media, Religion and Politics With the planes hitting the Twin Towers on 11 September, 2001 the relationship between media and religion changed forever. Karim (2003) suggested that religion would become an important topic for the media and the way media covers events would be influenced by the religious undertones. It is arguable if the world and its religions have changed or not, but the media coverage of the same surely has. Within India, religion has a large impact on the personal lives of millions of people. The country practices almost every other religion known to the world and this is one of the most important facets of the country, so is politics. The politicians play on the religious issues every now and then, and media is used as the platform. The politicians communicate with the common mass through the mass media. The way in which we know and find about our politicians is through the media. It is the media that serves as the main channel of communication between the politicians and the public. Religion is one of the subjects in India which the politicians intelligently use to their advantage. Academic literature has covered the representation of conflict in religion as well as media and religion but not much has been researched on media, religion and conflict situations in context with each other, especially within an environment like India. It would be difficult to understand the relationship between religion, its construction, presentation and conflict situations covered in the media, without some reference to the broader political context within which it takes place, because in a nation like India, religion is certainly driven by political motives. In order to understand the role media plays and should play during communal clashes in India, let us analyze the two worst communal riots India has ever seen the 1984 Sikh riots and the 2002 Gujarat riots. The 1984 Sikh Riots in New Delhi 4.1 The Events On 31st of October 1984, the Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards. What followed was a complete mayhem and it led to a lethal anti-Sikh riots in India. Sikh homes were systematically singled out in the capital and brutally destroyed (Tatla, 2006). The Sikhs were hounded, tyres were put around their neck, and petrol doused on their faces and bodies set ablaze to brutal death (Mohanka, 2005). More than 3,000 Sikhs were killed in New Delhi itself. Two hundred Gurudwaras, the place where Sikhs worship, were burnt down and many Sikh owned shops were looted. 1 The situation worsened when the newly elected Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, the son of Indira Gandhi was quoted, When a big tree falls, the ground beneath is sure to rumble. This gave a sense as if Rajiv Gandhi was giving a boost to the killers who were assassinating hundreds of Sikhs in the streets of New Delhi (Mohanka, 2005). Mrs. Gandhis assassinators were avenging Operation Bluestar. In the June of 1984, Mrs. Gandhi, wanted to flush out few terrorists, led by Jamail Singh Bhindranwale, who were hiding in the precincts of the Golden Temple, the holiest shrine for Sikhs in India. On the 3rd of June, 1984 a 36 hour curfew was imposed in the Sikh dominated state of Punjab. All methods of communication and travel were suspended. Electricity supplies were interrupted, a total black out was created and Punjab was cut off from India and rest of the world (Brar, 1992). On the night of 5th of June, the Indian Army under the command of Major Gen. Kuldeep Singh Brar stormed into the Golden Temple. By the morning of the 7th of June the Indian Army had full control of the temple. The militant leaders were killed in the two day battle but along with it a large number of pilgrims, civilians and children were also killed (Ahmed, 1996). The Sikh community were agitated. Their holiest shrine was turned into a bloody battlefield and innocent lives were lost. Saran Singh, a retired bureaucrat and a famous member of the Sikh community in India quotes It was sacrilege to send troops inside, open fire and in the process kill innocent devotees gathered to observe the martyrdom (Mohanka, 2005). From June to September 1984 most members of the Sikh community nursed a festering wound only to blurt out in Indira Gandhis assassination. 4.2 The Indian Medias Coverage of Operation Bluestar and the Sikh Riots Media by its nature plays an extremely important role for any socio-political situation irrespective of the boundary it holds (Mohanka, 2005). The medias role in the riots of 1984 is an interesting case. Scholars believe that media can play a role in focussing on a cause much before it takes an ugly turn. In the case of Punjab in 1984, the local media was not supportive of the Sikh causes. Moreover, since of beginning of the problems in Punjab, the government had a strict control on the media and imposed a heavy censorship. Since independence until the invasion of cable television in India, the electronic media has served as the mouthpiece of the government (Das, 2009). Similar was the role of the electronic media in Punjab during the riots. The Government had such tight control over the media that the foreign correspondents trying to capture the horrific events were not even allowed in the local land. The Indian Government acted as a strict visible gatekeeper and made it impossible to approve journalist visas for foreign correspondents. The events of the 1984 riots thus suffered not only from biased media coverage but also selective coverage which projected one sided selected perspective (Das, 2009). The media blackout during the Operation Bluestar is a prime example of the same. The day before the actual invasion by the Indian Army, the Government ordered all press out of the state and restricted press coverage in Punjab. The press was allowed only a week later on special organised guided tours. The aftermath was later described by the press, as involving a small gang of criminals disliked by the majority of Sikhs and Indians. The press described the militants as petty political agitators, rather than leaders of a movement for a greater Punjab autonomy, as believed by a majority of Sikhs. Similarly, during the reportage of the 1984 riots there were discrepancy between the press release of data and images and the actual severity of the violent situation that prevailed in the streets of New Delhi (Das, 2009). This usage of selective information in the Indian media only contributed to the ambiguous image of Sikhs throughout the nation and failed to bring out their plight in the light. During the Sikh Movement the Government of India had passed the National Secu rity Act (1980), the Punjab Disturbed Areas Ordinance (1983), The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1983) and the Terrorists Affected Areas (Special Courts Act of 1984). These acts provided the police and army with sweeping powers. They could charge and curtail to the right to life under specific situations. The approach of the media during the crisis had been partisan to take into account all types of multidimensional problem, historical, political, socio-economic and ideological. The media only focussed on special restricted information and ignored a careful examination of all the issues and processes that had led to the mayhem, the riots. During 1984, Indian leaders were free to make up non-existent stories and broadcast through Government controlled radio and television channels. Since there was a major restriction on the foreign press, all foreign news correspondents were left with no choice but to take the twister news of the local government controlled media. The United States of America, The House of Representatives had a view point on the same. It said: As a result the outside world receives a biased one side view of what goes on in Punjab because the Indian Government has control over most of the domestic media. This contributes to the stereotype that all Sikhs are extremist radicals who are terrorising the predominantly Hindu nation and that is just not the fact. If the Indian Government has nothing to hide it should remove the news blackout and permit outsiders into Punjab. The free flow of information is essential to the prevention of rights and liberties in a democratic society and India claims to be the worlds largest democracy. So, they should act as the worlds largest democracy. This is the foundation for a democratic nation and is not too much to ask of India to respect the rights of all its people and not just the Hindu majority. It is not right for any government to deny 16 million of its own people the basic political and civil rights. India has a moral obligation to protect the Sikh community The national newspapers reporting on the Sikhs made no distinction between a regional political party, a handful of militants, and the entire Sikh community. Even the senior editors and columnists of the national newspapers considered all Sikhs accountable for the assassination of Indira Gandhi and provided no sympathy to the community during the riots. Through the critical years of political crisis in Punjab before the horrific riots, the national dailies had not help resolve the issue. The Times of India, one of the leading national dailies and The Hindustan Times did more to incite hostility between Hindus and Sikhs than perhaps any other national English language newspaper (Das, 2009). The media was a part of the misinformation carried out in the public. The best example of the same would be when a national newspaper carried out an article reporting that huge quantities of heroin and drugs had been recovered within the Golden Temple complex and the same had been used by the militants to illegally fund their operations. Since, the foreign press was banned in Punjab; they picked up the story based on the 14th June Press Trust of India (PTI) news report from the government sources. This news was carried out in the major international newspapers. One week into the incident, the government retracted the official report on the grounds that the drugs had been recovered from the India-Pakistan border and not the Golden Temple complex. This retraction by the government was not picked up by most international news agencies and the damage done by the initial report falsely remained amongst the mass. 3 Many scholars believed that the Indian media forgot to prioritize issues and failed to act upon them. Senior Indian journalist, Manoj Mitta along with H. S. Phoolka in the book When a Tree Shook Delhi writes that the media focussed on the assassination of Indira Gandhi and did not care enough about the Sikh murders during the riots. Mitta says: The media by and large went by the official line on the carnage. It focused on the happenings at Teen Murti Bhawan, where Indira Gandhis body lay in state and where from people around the world had come to pay respect. So photographers were flocking to that place and the killings that were simultaneously going on in the capital did not get recorded at all. Its bizarre but true. Not all were pleased by the Indian medias coverage of the riots. The 2002 Gujarat Riots The Events On the 27th of February 2002, the Ahmedabad bound Sabarmati Express train reached a small town in Gujarat named Godhra (Yeolekar, 2002). Instead of the usual stoppage for 5 minutes the train stopped for 25 minutes and then moved out of the platform. Before the train could run at its normal speed, the alarm chain was pulled to stop the train at Signal Falia, a Muslim inhabited locality. No one clearly knows what really happened but after few minutes the compartment S-6 was on flames. 58 passengers including 26 women and 12 children were burnt to death (Yeolekar, 2002). Among the passengers were the Kar Sevaks travelling from Ayodhya. There have been different theories believing that Muslims were behind this barbaric act. If this wasnt barbaric enough, what followed in the days to come shook the entire secular nation of India. During the next three days, from the 28th of February to 2nd of March, 2002 Muslims were butchered, massacred and burnt alive. Out of the 24 districts in Gujarat, 16 were entangled by organized mob attacks in which over 2,000 Muslims were killed, 200 mosques and religious and cultural monuments were sent to rumbles (Sawant et al, 2002). The Muslim community of Gujarat suffered an enormous economic blow with an overall loss of Rs 35 billion. 5.2 The Indian Medias Coverage of the Riots 5.2.1 The Television Coverage For the first time in the history of communal clashes in India, violence was carried live on television (Ninan 2002) as the television cameras brought across the horrific images to viewers home in Gujarat and elsewhere. There was no live coverage of the attacks against the Sikhs back in 1984 or the Babri Masjid fiasco in 1992. Those were the era of print media and television was limited to Doordarshan, a state owned channel. It was only in 1996 when, Rupert Murdoch ventured into India with the STAR network and STAR News happened Indias first 24 hour news channel 4. This addition to the television spectrum of India added a new visual dimension to politics, violence and public sphere in India. In 2005, the television newscape had turned dense with a large number of players entering the market; several 24 hour news channels were launched. This led to intense competitive brand of journalism, which was evident during the Gujarat riots. There were a large consortium of journalists and tel evision crews from various channels on the streets in Gujarat, each trying to outdo each other. When the Gujarat violence happened, the private television in India had been broadcasting for about 8 years and was easily accessible by 40 million amongst the 81.6 million Indians who owned television sets (5 notes). This option offered by the private television gave the Indian viewers unprecedented access to independent broadcasting. When the first pictures of Gujarat riots were telecast on Indian screens on 27 February, the three major news networks in India Star News, Aaj Tak and Zee News did not follow the guidelines formulated by the Press Council of India, a quasi-judicial watchdog organization (Mehta, 2006). The guidelines mentioned not to reveal the identity of victims or attackers in the news reports but all the news networks carried blaring headlines about the killing of the Kar Sevaks 6. The guidelines were against the mentioning of victims or attackers as Hindus or Muslims because they feared it could inflame passions and lead to revenge attacks. The television news networks with its striking visual images made this guideline redundant. While covering the riots in Gujarat, the television journalists openly identified the victims and the attackers. Varadarajan argues for the naming of communities. He states that not naming the communities increases a sense of suspicion and anxiety amongst the ordinary citizens not only in the riot affected area but throughout the nation. Then people tend to assume that the victims are their own while attackers are the other (Varadarajan, 1999). Famous Indian journalists, Rajdeep Sardesai and Barkha Dutt of STAR News justified their stand of naming the communities. Barkha Dutt stated, Naming the community under siege in Gujarat was moot of the story. In fact it was the story, revealing as it did a prejudice administrative and political system that was happy to just stand by and watch. (Mehta, 2006). The bold and independent media coverage by the television media during the riots invited flak from the political actors in powers who were shown in bad light. Criticizing the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Hindutva approach in the riots got STAR News and English newspapers like The Times of India and Indian Express bad press (Sonwalkar, 2006). The BJP was in power in the state of Gujarat and at the centre in New Delhi. After the initial violence, when the news coverage of the attacks against the Muslims in Gujarat started to reflect badly on the state and central government, the leaders came down heavily on the journalists and media personnel. The Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee addressed the nation a day after the attacks, regretting the disgraceful violence. He later on added that the news media were presenting an exaggerated account of the situation in Gujarat (The Times of India 2002a check book). The BJP and the state government under Narendra Modi singled out STAR News and banned cable operators from showing the channel in the state. The viewers in Ahmedabad, one of the worst affected regions in the riots, were left with blank television screens, unaware from the reality happening on the streets (Mehta, 2006). Cable operators received calls from local officials in Ahmedabad and other cities to completely black out STAR News, Zee News, CNN and Aaj Tak (The Times of India 2002a). Dossiers and hitlists on journalists were reportedly prepared while the channels which dared to reveal the truth and were critical of the Chief Minister and his plan of actions were not invited to the press conferences and hence were denied the basic right to information by the state itself (Sardesai 2004). The main complaint of the BJP and its allies were that the news media did not cover and criticize those who were responsible for the Godhra train tragedy in which 58 Kar Sevaks were victims. This however remains untrue as the every news channels and major newspaper had covered the Godhra train tragedy exclusively, but the follow ups did not remain as the story of the day because the Union Budget followed on 28 February. The budget coverage was pushed aside when the mass killings and large scale retaliation against Muslims started in various parts of the state (Sonwalkar, 2006). Another criticism was that, the national media inflamed communal passions by providing graphic television coverage of the dreadful events. The journalists and the news professional came out against the criticism and said that the level of violence would have been much worse if only the news media brought out the real picture by the graphic images. The BJP and its allies also christened the media as Marxist-Mullah combine and the Secular Taliban for criticising the attacks against the Muslims. Members of the Editors Guild of India visited the affected regions in Gujarat and were told by a group of Hindutva supporters that the Hindu community has been defamed with the coverage only being from the Muslim perspective: They only listen to Muslims and ignore the Hindus (Patel et al, 2002). Sardesai explains the predicament faced by journalists in covering the riots: (If ) any reporter, whether print of television, sees large-scale violence being committed, is the journalist to ignore the hard reality and merely present the facts as seen through the government binoculars? If the Chief Minister says that the situation is returning to normal even while reports are streaming in of continuing violence in several parts of the state, are not the lies to be exposed? And if the government insists that the army is out on the street when the fact is that the army has been kept on stand-by and is waiting for transport trucks, whose version is to be broadcast? (Sardesai, 2002) 5.2.2 The Press Coverage If the graphic coverage by the television channels hit the headlines and created criticisms, the nature of the press coverage also came under the hammer. The coverage by the print media makes an interesting study. There were two different approaches followed by the local and the national media. The local section of the press, including the Gujarati dailies Sandesh and Gujarat Samachar, covered the events from a pro-Hindutva stand and justified the killings of hundreds of Muslims. While the national media, including The Times of India and the Indian Express, were overtly critical of the channelized attacks against the Muslims (Sonwalkar, 2006). The team of Editors Guild of India met several journalists, correspondents, editors, Chief Minister Narendra Modi and others to conclude that the English-language national press played an exemplary role in coverage of the riots. BJPs allegations of media playing an aggravating role in coverage of the riots have been dismissed by many scholars. Patel argues that the allegation was specious, self-serving and must be dismissed (Patel et al. 2002). The Editors Guild of Indias team observed that: Our finding is that the prompt and extensive portrayal by the national media of the untold horrors visited on innocent people in the wake of the Godhra carnage was a saving grace. The exposure of the supine is not complicit attitude of the State and manifest outpourings of communal hatred, stirred the conscience of the nation, compelled remedial action, howsoever defensively and belatedlyHowever, the role of the sections of the Gujarat media, specially the Gujarat Samachar and more notably Sandesh, was provocative, irresponsible and blatantly violative of all accepted norms of media ethics. This cannot be lightly passed over. (Patel et al, 2002) Gujarat Samachar is the largest selling daily in Gujarat with a circulation of nearly 810,000 followed by Sandesh with 705,000 (Sonwalkar, 2006). These two newspapers have a large readership and dominate the print market in Gujarat. A study by PUCL in 2002 found that there were several instances of distorted and false reporting in these two newspapers and also the circulation of Sandesh rose by 150,000 due to its pro-Hindutva stand. The coverage analysis found that when Muslims were at fault, their names were clearly mentioned and the perpetrators identified. However, when the Muslims were the victims of murders, loots, arsons, and other heinous crimes the attackers were unnamed. The study concluded: No sources were quoted for headlines, even when they were simply lifted from speeches by Vishwa Hindu Parishad (one of the Hindutva polical parties in the state). Headlines were also misleading, and often followed up by reports that did not substantiate, and even negated the headlines completelyThe anti-minority stand was obvious in the slant in news reporting. (PUCL, 2002). Sandesh was extremely provocative in its reporting. PUCL states Sandeshs usage of headlines was to provoke, communalize and terrorise people (PUCL 2002). On the 28th of Februrary, Sandesh carried a headline saying, 70 Hindus Burnt Alive in Godhra. Another report on the front page read, Avenge Blood with Blood, which was a quote from a statement made by one of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad leaders, but the newspaper used the words as a headline without mentioning the leader (Sonwalkar, 2006). On the 6th of March, the headline read, Hindus Beware: Haj Pilgrims return with a Deadly Conspiracy, when the fact remains that hundreds of Haj pilgrims were terrified by the happenings in the state and had retuned under police protection. PUCL emphasized in its study that most news in Sandesh post-Godhra violence began with the sentence, In continuing spiral of communal rioting that broke out as a reaction to the demonic/barbaric, etc Godhra incident. The comminatory adjectives used in describing the Godhra incident were strikingly absent when covering the post Godhra Muslim annihilation (PUCL 2002). One of the reports mentioned that the breasts of two Hindu women had been chopped off by Muslim mobs during the crisis. This report turned out be false and the editor countered by saying that the information had been provided by the police. The papers editor told that it was against the policy of the newspaper to carry out corrections and clarifications for previously published articles (Patel et al, 2002). The Press Council of India later censured the newspaper for the fault (Prerna 2003). Gujarat Samachar also heightened the tension through its pro-Hindutva stand in coverage of the events. Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi openly praised Sandesh for its work, which was publishing false and rumoured reports with a pronounced pro-Hindutva and an anti-Muslim stance. In a letter to the newspapers editor, Modi writes: The newspapers of the state played a decisive role as a link between the people and the government. You have served humanity in a big way. It is the state governments primary duty to restore peace and security. It is noteworthy that the newspapers of Gujarat gave their full support to the state government in undertaking this difficult task.I am grateful to you. (Varadarajan, 2002: 286) The one regional newspaper that stood out amidst the Hindutva ideology was the Gujarat Today, notably started by few liberal Muslims in the state. The report suggested Gujarat Today regularly carried out positive news items highlighting interdependence of the communities involved (PUCL 2002). The two English-language national newspapers in India, The Times of India and the Indian Express were critical of the state government in their articles. However, these two newspapers also publish editions from Gujarat and a clear divide was evident between the two English-language dailies and the two regional editions (Sonwalkar, 2006). While the English-language version was sharp in its criticisms of Chief Minister Narendra Modi and his policies, the two Gujarati dailies propagated the need of Hindutva. Desai, an Ahmedabad-based correspondent of the Indian Express writes: Today, all the people who once used to look at me with respect question me and abuse me. They do this because I represented a publication whose medium is English and because I reported human misery in its right perspective.A friend said: All of you from the English language media have tarnished the image of Gujarat. Today, the common man in Gujarat hates the English language media. Even a section of the English language media hates the English language media. (Desai 2004: 228) (Need to conclude) The Role of the Media During Communal Riots: An Analysis The result of multiple and complex interests of regions, states and/or various types of groups within them leads to economic, social and political conflicts. Such conflicts are difficult to handle and requires negotiations between the parties involved and in this amorphous age of media the governments are finding extremely difficult to handle such situations (Terzis, 2008). Despite the increased importance of communication, very few governments can speak about successful communication during conflicts because they fail to take into consideration the perception of the conflict in the minds of the common mass, the scientific analysis of the causable factors, the agendas of the parties involved and the changing nature of the conflict itself (Ballantine, 2003). The role of mass media in covering and resolving conflicts, especially those involving religious differences that leads to frequent communal riots in India, is extremely crucial. We are in the age where the basic principles of reportage of facts are sacred, comment free, get both sides of the story, double check your facts before writing, are not enough in reporting communal riots. There are enough challenges faced by a journalist and media personnel in such a situation. The guidelines for a reporter in covering communal riots should be to lookout for detailed background information, not continue with the stereotyping of communities, find residents who deal with both the communities, talk to victims from both sides, corroborate victims as well as polices accounts, discover the role of the police, the politicians and the media and highlight stories where communities have helped each other. If we analyse the way Indian media covered the 1984 Sikh riots, we